https://www.qacr.ir/ Applied criminology research en daily 1 Sat, 22 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 22 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.qacr.ir/article_732114.html Field and Aims: The family, as the primary social institution, plays a crucial role in shaping individual personality, and its dysfunction can foster delinquency. Female offenders often reflect underlying family dysfunction in addition to unfavorable environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify the most significant family-related factors influencing criminal behavior among incarcerated women in Kermanshah.Method: This quantitative, descriptive–analytical study included 80 incarcerated women during the first half of 2024, assessed through a census approach; 70 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected via a researcher-designed instrument across four dimensions, with reliability and validity confirmed (AVE = 0.86, α = 0.82). Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, correlation tests, multivariate regression, and logistic modeling.Findings and Conclusions: Results indicated a nonlinear relationship between age, education, and criminal tendency, with higher risk observed in mid-adulthood and among women with university education. The strongest predictors of delinquency were parental criminal history, family conflicts, and domestic violence, each significantly increasing the likelihood of offending. The regression model explained approximately 72% of the variance in criminal tendency. Stable parental employment had a protective role, whereas larger family size exerted additional strain. Moreover, offense patterns shifted with age, moving from financial crimes toward violent and drug-related offenses. Family dysfunction—particularly parental criminal records and domestic violence—plays a central role in female delinquency. The model’s strong explanatory power (72%) highlights the systematic influence of family factors. These findings underscore the need for family-centered preventive interventions, economic support for high-risk families, parenting education, and the development of community-based programs. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732170.html Field and Aims: The study of crime through cultural and cinematic representations is one of the emerging trends in cultural criminology. It seeks, through the analysis of artistic narratives, to achieve a deeper understanding of the mental and moral mechanisms underlying the commission of criminal acts. The central research question of the present study is: How are techniques of neutralization manifested in cinematic representations of crime, and what relationship do they bear to the process of justifying criminal behavior? Method: Using a descriptive-analytical approach grounded in the ethical phenomenology of criminal action, this research first elucidates the psychological and cognitive dimensions of neutralization techniques and then examines their reflection in cinematic narratives. Findings and Conclusions: The results demonstrate that a phenomenological understanding of neutralization techniques can bring about transformative changes in criminal policy and criminal procedure. In other words, awareness of how crime emerges phenomenologically and how it is justified enables judges, investigators, and prosecutors—while adhering to the principle of individualization of punishment—to better comprehend the mental and moral state of the accused and make more appropriate use of mitigating institutions and lenient measures. Conversely, when dealing with white-collar offenders who deliberately employ neutralization techniques to distort reality, stricter aggravating factors and more resolute responses can be applied.Furthermore, recognizing the distinction between normative neutralization techniques (legitimate justifying factors) and non-normative ones can, at the societal level, contribute to developmental prevention and the internalization of ethical norms among the general public. Accordingly, the theoretical linkage between neutralization techniques and phenomenology not only opens new analytical possibilities in the study of cinematic narratives but also creates fresh capacities in criminal policy-making and the reform of judicial processes. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732172.html Field and Aims: Safety and security, as one of the fundamental pillars of social stability, play a crucial role in the extent of citizens' use of and satisfaction with urban parks. This study was conducted with the aim of analysing the environmental factors affecting crime prevention and improving the sense of security in Abidar Park of Sanandaj, drawing on the theoretical framework of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED).Method: The present applied research utilised a quantitative method with an analytical survey approach. Data were collected by distributing a researcher-made questionnaire based on five dimensions- environmental, physical-spatial, landscape, social and functional- among 400 park visitors in the spring of 2024. Data were analysed using SPSS® version 27 software and Pearson's correlation test.Findings and Conclusions: The findings revealed that in the social dimension, the indicator "presence of a significant number of people in the space" showed the strongest correlation (0.987), making it the most influential factor for security. In the visual dimension, "improved visibility and surveillance through appropriate lighting" had a coefficient of 0.650, while in the functional dimension, "diverse cultural spaces" had a coefficient of 0.634; both contributed most significantly to creating security. In the environmental domain, "absence of blind spots and hidden areas" had a coefficient of 0.399, and in the physical-spatial dimension, "Sufficient space area and size," with a negative correlation (-0.400), indicate reduced security in overly expansive spaces and were identified as key factors. These findings can be interpreted through three main strategies: enhancing natural surveillance by promoting presence and effective lighting; controlling territory by managing space size and functional diversity; and improving environmental maintenance by eliminating blind spots and developing cultural spaces. Together, these strategies provide a comprehensive framework for establishing sustainable security in Abidar Park. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732119.html Field and Aims: This article critically examines the shortcomings of traditional criminal justice responses to domestic violence and introduces the effective model of domestic violence courts within the common law legal system. It also explores the concept and strategies of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which provide the theoretical foundation for these courts. The objective of this course is to establish a framework for localizing this common law model by analyzing effective responses to domestic violence and elucidating their key theoretical underpinnings.Method: The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach based on comprehensive library research. Information was gathered from reputable scientific sources, including books, journals, and websites, and analyzed through logical reasoning.Findings and Conclusions: The findings indicate that several factors contribute to the ineffectiveness of traditional approaches within the criminal justice system. These factors include the conflict between the goals of traditional punitive measures and the necessity of preserving family integrity, the adversarial nature of trials, a focus on punishment rather than problem-solving, and the neglect of physical and psychological harm resulting from criminal interventions. In contrast, domestic violence courts, informed by Therapeutic Jurisprudence and incorporating strategies such as a Trauma-Informed Practice, non-adversarial trials, a focus on addressing root causes, interdisciplinary collaboration, and procedural justice, have significantly reduced the recurrence of domestic violence while upholding family integrity. By promoting the well-being of both parties, holding perpetrators accountable, and ensuring the safety and empowerment of victims, this model mitigates the anti-therapeutic effects of traditional approaches and effectively addresses the underlying causes of domestic violence. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732117.html Field and Aims: Family crimes in Iran’s legal system represent a critical challenge for criminal policy due to their entwinement with cultural, ethical, and religious norms. This study critically examines Iran’s criminal strategies regarding family offenses and evaluates their alignment with perfectionism, deontological ethics, utilitarian principles, and contemporary criminological frameworks.Method: This research has been conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach.Findings and Conclusions: The findings reveal persistent patriarchal and moralistic influences, conceptual ambiguities in defining domestic violence, limited protective mechanisms, and tensions between cultural norms and modern justice imperatives. The study underscores the necessity of revising criminal policies, enhancing protective approaches, and integrating restorative justice practices to improve the efficacy of legal responses to family-related offenses. https://www.qacr.ir/article_735008.html Field and Aims: Sexual victimization of children and adolescents is among the most serious threats to their physical, psychological, and social well-being, and addressing it requires the adoption of effective criminal and non-criminal preventive policies. Despite the existence of certain legal safeguards, significant gaps remain in the areas of comprehensive prevention, public education, and coordination among protective mechanisms within different legal systems. The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative examination of policies for preventing sexual victimization of children and adolescents in Iranian law and selected common law countries—namely the United States, Canada, and Australia—and to identify existing challenges and shortcomings.Method: This research was conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach and drawing upon library resources, legal documents, and comparative studies. Criminal and non-criminal preventive policies in the four legal systems were examined and compared.Findings and Conclusions: The findings indicate that each of the countries studied has adopted distinct preventive approaches in accordance with its social, cultural, and legal context. In Iran, the primary emphasis is on criminal punishments, while non-criminal prevention, public education, and institutional coordination remain insufficiently developed. In the United States, the combination of federal and state laws, together with systems for monitoring sexual offenders, has created a relatively advanced framework for criminal prevention. In Canada, alongside social and educational support measures, the application of severe punishments is also observed within the framework of criminal prevention. In Australia, stringent penalties, extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction, and the implementation of the National Strategy 2030 constitute key criminal and non-criminal preventive mechanisms. Overall, the most significant gap in Iran’s legal system is the absence of a comprehensive non-criminal prevention approach, weaknesses in public education, and a lack of institutional coordination in supporting children. Drawing on the experiences of common law countries may contribute to strengthening preventive policies and enhancing the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in this field. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732171.html Field and Aims: Prevention of delinquency is not only possible through repressive attitudes, but in addition, it requires the control of individual factors and criminal tendencies of individuals with the participation of social institutions. The purpose of this study is to investigate one of these measures that is implemented in the form of the "Narcotics Anonymous Association".Method: In this applied study, a quantitative survey method was used. The analyses have been done at two levels: descriptive and explanatory. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, using the method of data collection, the survey data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire by referring to 102 members of the Narcotics Anonymous Association of Izeh who were willing to cooperate with the researchers.Findings and Conclusions: The findings of the research show that the independent variables of preferential socialization, rehabilitation, and restorative shame have a positive effect on the control of individual factors and criminal tendencies, and the independent variables of correction and control lead to the avoidance of those crimes by their negative effect on the tendency to drug-related crimes. By encouraging addicts to participate in the programs of the Narcotics Anonymous Association and implementing the policy of supporting these associations, it is possible to neutralize the individual factors and criminal tendencies of addicts and prevent the spread of drug-related crimes. https://www.qacr.ir/article_734735.html Field and Aims: In the contemporary era, environmental degradation and its attendant consequences frequently manifest in the form of environmental hazards which, once materialized, lead to extensive environmental and social harms. The analysis of such harms within the framework of traditional criminal law, due to its narrow focus on the restrictive concept of “crime,” lacks the capacity to identify and address numerous structural, lawful, and gradual forms of damage. Accordingly, the present study employs the analytical framework of zemiology—as an approach within critical criminology and victimology concerned with the study of social harms beyond crime—to elucidate the nature of victimization resulting from environmental damage and to identify the factors contributing to its reproduction. In this research, zemiology is not conceptualized as a type of harm per se, but rather as a critical analytical framework for examining environmental harms and the structural and governance mechanisms that generate them.Method: Adopting a descriptive–analytical approach, this research draws on contemporary interdisciplinary sources in victimology, environmental justice, and zemiology, and applies a systematic and structural analysis of the relevant data.Findings and Conclusions: The findings indicate that victimization arising from environmental damage is the product of the interconnection of three categories of factors: structural, socio-economic, and cultural–behavioral. Weak environmental governance, the inefficiency of compensation mechanisms, environmental inequalities, and the lack of institutional transparency have resulted in environmental victims within the Iranian legal system largely remaining in a state of “invisibility,” thereby being deprived of their fundamental rights, including effective compensation, participation, and empowerment. The results further suggest that effective prevention of environmental victimization requires a shift away from purely punitive and reaction-oriented approaches toward preventive policies grounded in restorative justice, institutional accountability, and social participation. In this regard, rethinking environmental legislation, strengthening victim-centered institutions, and the targeted use of modern monitoring and early-warning technologies can play a significant role in reducing environmental victimization from a zemiological perspective and in advancing environmental justice. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732173.html Field and Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of discovering and deeply explaining the lived experiences and subjective perceptions of educated local residents of the Bisheh and Kahman region in Lorestan Province. The research focuses on evaluating the multifaceted impacts of tourist presence on the local social structure, particularly concerning the emergence of crime, misconduct, and social deviance in these natural and sensitive areas. This study seeks to reveal the underlying mechanisms and qualitative causes of these impacts from the perspective of the host community. Thus, this research endeavors to fill the theoretical and methodological gap in the existing literature by focusing on social interactions in natural environments.Method: This study utilized a qualitative research method with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The research population consisted of educated local residents of the studied areas, among whom 18 individuals were selected using purposive, snowball sampling. The sampling process continued until the point of theoretical data saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Collaizi's method.Findings and Conclusions: The main and sub-themes of the impact of tourism on criminality and social deviance were identified and grouped into four macro-categories: "Cultural and Moral Deviations," "Crimes Against Public Order and Security," "Contextual and Environmental Criminogenic Factors," and "Secondary Harmful Consequences." The findings indicated that, from the host community's perspective, tourism acts as a contextual criminogenic factor, leading to the emergence of aberrant behaviors and the weakening of social cohesion by activating mechanisms of Social Learning, Social Disorganization, Strain, and Opportunity. https://www.qacr.ir/article_734583.html Field and Aims: According to Article 161 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Article 471 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013, the Supreme Court holds the authority to issue unifying rulings (Ahkām-e Vahdat-e Ruyeh) with the aim of resolving conflicting judgments, ensuring consistency in the interpretation of laws, and guaranteeing judicial security. These binding rulings for lower courts have evolved beyond mere judicial interpretation, effectively serving as a form of judicial rule-making within the Iranian legal system. This elevates their role in shaping and guiding criminal justice policy in Iran. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the main challenges in issuing unifying rulings and to assess their implications for the country’s criminal justice policy. Method: This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected and analyzed through a review of laws, regulations, and judicial practices related to the issuance of unifying rulings, in order to examine the structural, normative, and practical challenges of this mechanism. Findings and Conclusions: The analysis indicates that the issuance of unifying rulings faces challenges such as tension with the principle of separation of powers, expansion of the Supreme Court’s quasi-legislative role, potential conflicts with Sharia and constitutional provisions, difficulties in amending and harmonizing issued rulings, lack of supervisory mechanisms, ambiguity regarding their effective date, and possible contradictions with fundamental principles of criminal law. These challenges demonstrate that, despite their unifying function, such rulings may generate structural and normative tensions within criminal justice policy. Without a review and oversight of the issuance process, Iran’s criminal justice policy risks decreased legitimacy, weakened judicial fairness, and instability. Examining these challenges goes beyond procedural discussion, providing a fundamental analysis of one of the key pillars of Iran’s criminal justice policy. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732169.html Field and Aims: The growing prison population, the heavy costs of inmate maintenance, and the ineffectiveness of imprisonment‑oriented policies have underscored the necessity of revising Iran’s criminal justice model and adopting a rational, data‑driven use of non‑custodial and rehabilitative measures. In this context, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning offer new opportunities for more precise decision‑making, risk prediction, and individualized judicial responses. Accordingly, the present study aims to design a localized model of an “Intelligent Judicial Assistant for Alternatives to Imprisonment” that utilizes data analytics and explainable algorithms to assess the risk of recidivism and recommend the most appropriate non‑custodial action for each offender.Method: This research employs a descriptive–analytical and comparative approach between prominent international risk‑assessment systems (such as COMPAS and HART) and Iran’s legal framework. Based on the principles of sentence individualization and restorative justice, a three‑layer architecture was developed, including: (1) a data input layer (criminal, social, and economic variables), (2) an analytic layer using explainable AI algorithms (SHAP and LIME), and (3) a legal–cultural output layer aligned with Islamic principles of justice. Simulated datasets were used for the model’s initial testing and accuracy evaluation.Findings and Conclusions: The findings indicate that the proposed model can estimate the risk‑of‑recidivism score with over 80 % accuracy by weighting individual, social, and economic variables. The integration of a legal–cultural filter ensured full compliance of the outcomes with Islamic judicial principles and the judge’s discretion. Moreover, the implementation of a dynamic feedback loop enhanced the model’s continuous learning and precision. The intelligent judicial assistant could, in practice, reduce prison overcrowding, enhance consistency in the application of non‑custodial measures, and foster data‑driven justice grounded in human dignity. Full realization of this potential requires the establishment of clear ethical and regulatory frameworks, regular algorithmic audits, and an independent supervisory body to monitor discrimination and bias in accordance with Islamic principles of justice and transparency. https://www.qacr.ir/article_735067.html Field and Aims: In contemporary criminal policy, the expansion of pardonable (complaint-based) crimes has attracted attention as a manifestation of the shift from a punishment-oriented approach toward humanistic, social, and restorative approaches. The objective of this study is to examine the criminological foundations of the expansion of pardonable crimes in Iranian criminal law and to analyze the legal consequences arising from this development in both the substantive and procedural domains of criminal law.Method: This research was conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach and relied on library sources, legislative documents, and the analysis of criminal law institutions.Findings and Conclusions: The findings indicate that the expansion of pardonable crimes is influenced by contemporary criminological approaches and has led to a reduction in the negative effects of criminal labeling, the strengthening of mechanisms of reconciliation and restoration, and greater attention to the human dignity of offenders. In the field of substantive criminal law, consequences such as the possibility of mitigation and conversion of punishment, changes in the rules governing complicity and attempt, pardon based on the offender’s age conditions, and the increased role of the complainant in determining the type and extent of punishment can be observed. In the field of procedural criminal law, changes in the jurisdiction of adjudicating authorities, transformations in the rules of limitation periods, and the reinforcement of the active participation of the victim in the judicial process are among the most significant effects of this development. Overall, the expansion of pardonable crimes reflects the evolution of Iran’s criminal policy toward greater flexibility and simultaneous attention to the rights of both the victim and the offender. https://www.qacr.ir/article_728568.html Field and Aims: Student delinquency, particularly among adolescents, is a global concern and is influenced by educational factors. Consequently, non-punitive prevention has emerged as an effective approach. Based on this, the central question arises: How do educational factors contribute to the prevention of student delinquency?Method: This study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach.Findings and Conclusions: Educational factors play a decisive role in preventing adolescent delinquency. Families with authoritative parenting styles and close, supportive relationships significantly reduce the tendency toward risky behaviors. Peer influence, particularly within sports and academic groups, has also demonstrated notable protective effects against delinquency. Schools that implement life skills programs and provide supportive environments have achieved considerable success in reducing risky behaviors. In the media domain, educational content and positive behavioral role models have had a substantial impact on prevention, whereas exposure to violent content has shown adverse effects. These findings underscore the necessity of an integrated approach that simultaneously strengthens the family institution, guides peer group interactions, enhances educational environments, and manages media content. Such comprehensive programs can significantly prevent the occurrence of delinquent behaviors among students. https://www.qacr.ir/article_732991.html Field and Aims: Given the rapid expansion of emerging social harms in university environments, this study was conducted to elucidate the role of the Islamic lifestyle as an active and empowering preventive system in addressing these challenges. The primary focus of the research was on proposing practical strategies for institutionalizing this lifestyle among university students. Method: This article was written using a descriptive _analytical approach. Findings and Conclusions: This study, drawing on an analysis of theoretical foundations and existing research evidence, demonstrated that the Islamic lifestyle grounded in components such as trust in God, piety, modesty, and social responsibility, and accompanied by practical strategies provides the basis for the formation of a network of internal and external safeguards.The findings indicate that, on the one hand, this lifestyle addresses identity crises by endowing life with meaning, and on the other hand, by offering concrete indicators, it presents a practical model for an elevated and purposeful way of living. The results emphasize the necessity of moving from restrictive and prohibitive approaches toward affirmative and constructive strategies, and regard success in this process as contingent upon cooperation among three key institutions: the family, the university, and the media. Families, by shifting their role toward that of guidance and counseling; universities, by transforming into comprehensive educational and formative centers; and the media, by providing role models in virtual spaces, can all play an effective role in institutionalizing this lifestyle. Overall, by integrating spirituality with practice, the Islamic lifestyle has the capacity to transform the university into an environment conducive to nurturing a committed and future-oriented generation and to preventing social harms. Nevertheless, the realization of this potential requires coherent planning and further applied research. https://www.qacr.ir/article_735096.html Field and Aim: Deviations in children and adolescents are a risk factor from the perspective that may lead to delinquent behavior. In this regard, the role of family as an institution that can both creat and prevent deviation in children and adolescents is important. Therefore, in this study, we deal with the issue of how the family plays a role in following the deviations of children and adolescent? Method: This article is written in a descriptive _ analytical manner.Findings: The most common deviations in children and adolescents are sexual perversions, violence and bullying, the tendency to smoke, drugs, psychotropic drugs and alcohol. The formation of deviations in children and adolescents is not the result of a specific factor, but a set of factors affect its formation in a chain. This factors are rooted in individual_psychological factors (including genetic and psychological and personality factors), micro_ factors (including the structure and function of the family and the influence of the peer group) and macrostructural factors (including socio_ economic factors, cultural factors and virtual and media factors).Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that non criminal prevention in the form of criminal prevention against children and adolescents are not effective than preventing deviations in children and adolescents. In this regards, family _ oriented interventions in order to prevent deviations of children and adolescents as one of the types of growth_ oriented prevention include teaching life skills, increasing responsibility in children and raising awareness and empowering parents https://www.qacr.ir/article_732407.html Field and Aims: Mental schemas play a key role in the perception and processing of information and in how each individual interprets that information. Jeffrey Young’s theory of early maladaptive schemas refers to destructive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior that emerge as a result of unmet core emotional needs during childhood. Numerous studies emphasize the role of schemas in the occurrence of delinquency and victimization. In this research, the characters of the film The Old Bachelor are evaluated based on early maladaptive schemas.Method: This study employs an inductive qualitative content analysis method, whereby the film’s data were initially examined without any theoretical pre-assumptions, and subsequently the theoretical framework of the research was derived.Findings and Conclusions: The findings indicate that the emotional deprivation schema and the entitlement/grandiosity schema, together with narcissistic antisocial personality disorder in "Gholam Bastani," provide a cognitive justification for violating social norms, thus leading him to perceive deviant behavior as the primary strategy for dealing with life’s challenges. From the perspective of the social schema theory of crime, Gholam displays all three schemas of hostility, present-orientation, and low commitment to conventional norms. In addition, all four elements of the criminal personality theory—self-centeredness, instability, aggression, and emotional callousness—are present within Gholam’s character.Moreover, the schemas of abandonment/instability, emotional deprivation, defectiveness/shame, and social isolation/alienation in Ali make him a suitable target for victimization. Rana, characterized by the approval-seeking/recognition schema and histrionic personality disorder, strives to remain at the center of attention—a tendency that exposes her to situations conducive to criminal victimization. Reza, affected by dependency and undeveloped self schemas, is prevented from achieving personal independence.